Lear Exclaims in Act 3 Essay Example

Lear Exclaims in Act 3 Essay Justice and judgment are key themes in King Lear. The first act shows how Lear treats his beloved Cordelia and his faithful servant Kent with unjustifiable banishment. As the play continues we become aware that Lear becomes a victim of injustice at the hands of Goneril and Regan. To explore Lears statement that he is more sinned against than sinner we need to examine some key moments in the play and examine if Lear is an offender or victim of injustice and whether in his madness he has redeemed himself.The first words we hear Lear speak reflect his presence and powerful personality. This is a king that commands respect and expects all to jump at his command. He barks his abrupt order at Gloucester Attend the lords of France and Burgundy (1/1/29)As we read further into Act 1 Scene 1 we learn he is a demanding father and commands love from his daughters the same way he commands his subjects. When his beloved Cordelia refuses to bestow on him an extravagant declaration of love he flies into a terrible rage and disclaims All paternal care (1/1/107) When his loyal servant Kent attempts to intervene on Cordelias behalf he too is banished. Lear is not used to being contradicted and on his own admittance he tells Kent to come not between the dragon and his wrath (1/1/116). The result of this dragons wrath is Lears immense misjudgement. He divides his kingdom between the insincere and evil daughters Goneril and Ragan. Lear has committed his first of the deadly sins, that of wrath. The image of the dragon breathing fire and brimstone is the traditional image of wrath. Shakespeare has used this image as a metaphor for King Lears rage.Lear is blinded to the truth by flattery in the absurd love trail He has no concept of the true nature of parental love. He is guilty of spurning the true love of Cordelia, in favour of anger. The anger has clouded his good judgement.As the action moves to Gonerils house were we learn that Lear has assaulted Oswald in another one of his rages again committing the sin of wrath. Furthermore, he is so sure of his divine right as king that he will not listen to criticism. The fool repeatedly warns Lear of his folly over the banishment of Cordelia and the divisions of his land. Lear dismisses his warnings and even threatens, Take heed sirrah the whip Lears inability to recognise his moral mistakes and the excessive belief in his own sound judgement means he has committed his second deadly sin: the sin of pride and vanity. Just as his demanding declaration for love in the absurd love trail is rooted in his excessive pride and vanity.Meanwhile, Goneril hospitality towards her father is becoming strained. He is an expensive and demanding houseguest. He is abusing his rights as a guest. When he returns from hunting he imperiously demands his dinner. Service is not quick enough and Lears retinue are becoming unruly and disruptive. She begins to see an opportunity to be free of her father and his soldiers. She complains to Lear of the debauched soldiers behaviour and demands that he reduce his retinue. This is a grossViolation of the contract she made with him when he abdicated his throne and gave her a portion of his land. This is a sacred bond and is viewed as a serious sin towards her father. This is just the first sins Goneril and Regan commit against their Father.Lear explodes Darkness and devils (1/4/208). He accuses her of ingratitude and compares her to a cold and pitiless sea creature (1/4/215)He embarks on a passionate and brutal assault and calling on the gods he prays hear nature, hear, dear goddess hear, (1/4/233) He condemns her womanhood with ferocious and barbaric language and he curses her Into her womb convey sterility/ Dry up in her organs of increase (1/4/232) He calls for the destruction of her pleasure as a parent and curses her unborn child with disfigurement so the child she bears may be a thwart disnatured to torment her(1/4/238) He compares her to a serpent and wishes upon her the noxious us air thought to carry the plague: you fen-sucked fogs, drawn by the powerful sun/to fall and blister. (2/4/158)Forced by the obsession of ingratitude of his two pernicious daughters we can trace King Lears decline into madness and finally into the storm. Firstly, Goneril breaks her pledge to care for her father in her home. Forced by her ingratitude he goes to Regans house. Not wanting to be at home when her father arrives Regan and Cornwall leave for a stay at Gloucesters castle. This is extremely rude and disrespectful. Lear is again a victim at the hands of his manipulative daughters.Next Lear learns that Regan has Kent put in the stocks like a common criminal. Lear points out that to have the kings messenger put in the stocks Tis worse than murder, to do upon respect such violent outrage (2/420) Regan and Goneril intend to strip Lear of his power. To put Kent in the stocks is the first move in their plan. However, it not the first sin they commit against their father n or will it be the last.Although Lear begins to realise that the treatment of Cordelia was unfair in Act 1 when he admits, I did her wrong (1/5/24). It is not until Act 2 that there is a crucial shift and he begins to philosophise on the human condition. Although Lear is still obsessed with maintaining the appearance of power this is a key moment and the start of Lears widening view of human nature. Slowly we see the emergence of a more self-pitying and humble view of himself.Lears enlightenment begins when he replies to Regans question what need one? of his retinue. O reason not the need, (2/4/256) he argues and he reflects that even the basest beggars own things that are not necessary. He compares mans need to the needs of the beast. This introspection is short lived and he soon lapses into self-pity. A poor old man/As full of grief as age, wretched as both (2/4/265) He still has a long way to go to redeem his sins.Lear is driven out into the storm by his madness and Goneril and R egan secure their doors to the old man. They have no compassion or patience for their father. They have driven him out into the storm hoping this will bring about his death. King Lears death would ensure that he did not attempt to reclaim his throne and land.In the last of his powerful kingly speeches he raves at the storm and calls for an end to ingratful man (3/2/9) It is here that he first admits and despairs at his own foolishfolly as a poor, infirm, weak and despised old man(3/2/19) However he is still obsessed with ingratitude and this forces him into metaphorical blindness. He cannot see life as a whole. Kent, the fool and Cordelia are not ungrateful.The theme of divine justice and the images of the last judgement are perpetuated as Lear calls on the gods to find out their enemies and destroy them. Lear has no fear of the gods wrath as he feels he is a victim, a man more sinned against than sinning (3/2/58) He bears the suffering of the storm with impassive dignity. No, I wil l be the pattern of all patience. I will say nothing. (3/2/36)Lears pivotal turning point comes as we see him for the first time show compassion for fellow humans. He shows for the first time an extraordinary tenderness for the fool. poor fool and knave, I have one part in my heart/Thats sorry for thee(3/2/70) He ushers the fool into the hovel urging in boy, go first the irony is that by humbling himself he is lifted spiritually. He has reversed the natural order by showing concern for the fools suffering above his own. This tenderness may be the beginning of Lears redemption.Lear will not follow the fool into the hovel. He welcomes the storm as a diversion from his inner turmoil.At the sight of the poor naked wretches (3/4/280 Lear is again stirred to a spiritual awakening. We see Lear expressing pity for someone other than himself for the first time. He is beginning to see that the duties of a king should not be for himself and his family but for all of those subjects whom he rule s. He says in regretful humility O I have taen to little care of this. (3/4/33) He has realised that he has ruled with pomp and has been and inadequate king and ruler. Enlightenment and humility are the virtues he needs to redeem his sins. Temperance and patienceAt the sight of Poor Tom the Bedlam Beggar (Edgar in disguise) Lear again shows concern for what could have brought him so low. Didst thou give all to thy daughters? And art thou come to this? (3/4/46) Lear is awakening to the struggles of others, even though he wrongly assumes that Edgars misfortune must have been brought about in the same way as his own calamity.Tom acts as a powerful catalyst on Lear. He seizes his plight as evidence that the world is a cruel and evil place. He develops an admiration for Tom and becomes convinced that he is scholarly philosopher. Lear is learning to develop pity not just for himself but for the whole of mankind. His sympathy for others moves him to a genuine prayer for the homeless.Poor naked wretches, wheresoeer you areThat bide the pelting of this pitless storm,How shall your houseless heads and unfed sides,Your looped and windowed raggedness defend youFrom seasons such as these? (3/4/28)The animal images in Toms nonsense ravings are used to personify the seven deadly sins. False of heart, light of ear, bloody of hand; hog in sloth, fox in stealth, wolf ingreediness, dog in madness, lion in prey. (3/4/84) Lear, in his ignorance has certainly been guilty of committing a few of these sins. For Example, light of ear refers to his stubborn refusal to listen to Kent and the Fools criticism.Lear begins to see that humanity is nothing but the basest of beast when stripped of clothes, perfume and the other trapping of civilisation. He scoffs at this insight and attempts to remove his own clothes.Is man no more than this? Consider him well. Thou owst the worm no silk, the beast no hide, the sheep no wool, the cat no perfume. Ha! Heres three ons sophisticated; thou art the thing itself. Unaccomadated man is no more than a poor, bare forked animal as thou art. (3/4/92)The consequences of Lears meditation on the fragility of humanity and the sins of ingratitude and false pride has led him to feel an passionate sympathy and compassion. Lear is now a changed man from the demanding and authoritarian character he was at the beginning of the play.Lear continues to be obsessed with injustice and in Act 3 Scene 6 he conducts the mock trial of Goneril and Regan. He decides to judge the evilness in their absence. Lear pronounces his punishment on Regan. She is to be atatomises to see what breeds about her heart (3/6/34) Lear is now more searching, wise and just than he was ever before. He asks, Is there any cause in nature that makes these hard hearts? (3/6/35) He has now fully realised the extent of his daughters wickedness. The mock trial has finally exorcised the obsession of ingratitude and King Lears redemption is almost complete.During Act 4 all the chara cters make their way to Dover. In Act 5 we see Lear as a changed man. He appears to be totally insane, but there is wisdom in nonsense ravings. Lear is no longer blind to the devious plans of Goneril and Regan. Prompted by Gloucester he remembers their disrespect, empty promises and false loyalty. they flattered me like a dog and told me I had white hairs in my beard ere black ones where there (4/5/125) He raves against hypocrisy, women and sex. He recognises Gloucesters adultery but claims Gloucesters bastard son/ was kinder to his father than my daughters (4/5/125) He realises he has been flattered all his life. By being a king he has been sheltered to the true nature of peoples feelings. He admits that justice is hidden by power and riches and deception of appearances can make justice hard to administer.Through his own sufferings and sinning Lear has emerged not only as king but also as a man. Through his anguish Lear has discovered that all men are susceptible to sinning.We have examined the sins of King Lear. He has committed the sins of pride, vanity, anger and greed and through his own admittance: I am a very foolish, fond old man.I am mainly ignorant (4/6/57-60) To consider if Lear is more sinned against we must not forget the evil and devious sins committed against him by Goneril and Regan. They flattered him for their own greedy gains. They broke the contract and the bonds of their daughterly duties. They dishonoured him, humiliated him and stripped him of his power. They locked their doors and let an old man face the ravages of a storm. Finally, they plotted and schemed to kill him. The source of their evil is in their absence of love or respect for their father. They set their own self-interests and ambitions above any traditional bonds. Once they have the power they desired they have no further interest in Lear .He is simply a nuisance and gets in the way.In the tender scene of reconciliation, Act 4 Scene 6, Cordelias speech before Lear awakes, em phasises the extent to which Lear has been a victim at the hands of Goneril and Regan: ..and let this kiss/ repair those violent harm that my two sisters / Have in thy reverence made. (4/6/27)When Lear awakes, both he and Cordelia attempt to kneel. She is honouring her king and he is begging her forgiveness. Lear now understands how limited his understanding is.Finally, Is King Lear more sinned against than sinner? It is clear that the answer is yes. King Lear is as much of a victim as he is perpetrator. Furthermore, King Lear through his suffering and madness was able to redeem his own sins and gain the forgiveness of Cordelia. He has clearly learnt to love unconditionally. Goneril and Regan on the other hand have through their own sins of avarice and ambition brought about their own self-destruction.

Internet Credability essays

Internet Credability essays Information is everywhere on the Internet. It exists in large quantities and it is continuously being created and revised. This information exists in a many varieties like facts, opinions, stories, interpretations, or statistics, and it is created for many purposes such as to inform, to persuade, to sell, to present a viewpoint, or to create or change an attitude or belief. For each of these various kinds of purposes information exists on many levels of quality or reliability. Quality ranges from excellent to awful and includes every shade in between. Think about the magazine section in your local grocery store. If you reach out with your eyes closed and grab the first magazine you touch, you are much more likely to get a supermarket tabloid than a respected journal. Now imagine that your store lets anyone in the world print up a magazine and put it in the magazine section. Now if you reach out blindly, you might get the New York Times business section or you might get littl e Jimmys report on the stock market for Mrs. Smiths 3rd grade class. There is an extremely wide variety of material on the Internet, ranging in its accuracy, reliability, and value. Unlike most traditional information media like books, magazines, or organizational documents, no one has to approve the content before it is made public. It is the job of the searcher, then, to evaluate what he or she locates, in order to determine whether it suits his or her needs, and is reliable enough to cite. In a recent search for information on Peronism, I found several articles, and I chose two of them to analyze for credibility. The first is titled Peronism and the Secret History of Cultural Studies by Jon Beasley-Murray. The first step in determining the reliability is finding the origin and the authors purpose. At first it appears that this site is run by George Mason University, but upon further investigation it is actually a...

How does speaking openly about race help refine the imperative for Essay

How does speaking openly about race help refine the imperative for leverage diversity - Essay Example This will contribute to long-term success and profitability of the company. The new competencies to promote racial diversity help drive leadership commitment to diversity and inclusion in the workplace in the following ways. Firstly, the new competencies lead to the removal of negative barriers and biases in the hiring process giving each individual an equal opportunity. This requires the creation of a friendly environment that will promote individual and team development and get the best of out of each individual. Secondly, the new competencies ensure that each organization has formulated policies that ensure inclusion and diversity in the workplace. The third competency is challenging the status quo in the hiring process by ensuring there is racial diversity. Speaking openly about race will help to debunk the various stereotypes people have about the different races. When Hobson encourages people involved in the hiring process to be color brave it resonates with me as I believe in an America that has equal opportunity for all irrespective race, political affiliations, culture and gender. From the video, it is clear that Hobson encourages the African Americans not expect sympathy because of racial inequality of the past, but to be positive and determined to succeed despite the challenges

The Effects of Digital Technologies on Cinema Assignment - 1

The Effects of Digital Technologies on Cinema - Assignment Example Development of color component allowed the color to be photographically recorded directly from nature instead of artificial/manual addition of black and white colors to prints (Ceram, 1965). Digital cinema is defined as the use of digital technology to project and distribute motion pictures.   The process of doing this is called digital cinematography. Therefore cinematography is defined as the use of digital technologies to capture motion pictures in the form of digital images instead of capturing them on a film. The images are captured on hard disks, tapes, flash memory and other media capable of recording digital data. Examples of such digital film-making technologies are Phantom HD High-Speed camera, Thomson Viper, Red Digital camera, Genesis, Aeroflex D-20 and now 2K d-cinema and digital projectors. The introduction of such technologies has ushered in yet another new era of digital cinematography (Barda, 2002).   Digital imagery existed as from the 1980s as evidenced by Disney’s Tron produced in 1982. This was the first movie to contain high-resolution. However, the first film in digital format was marketed in 1997. From that time henceforth, cinema has experienced technical and social changes as a result of digital technology. The visual components of digital cinema are an important source of its worldwide attraction.   Some of the effects of digital technologies on cinema are positive while others are negative. For example, the new technology has diluted the real meaning of cinema by creating increasing levels of artificialism. Even as we consider the effects of digital technology on cinema, we cannot ignore the persistent relevance that pre-digital filming methods and practices still hold for the current digital cinema (Kotian, 2005). The arrival of the digital technologies brought a sharp division between the old and new media.  

THE FINAL SELF-REFLECTION Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

THE FINAL SELF-REFLECTION - Essay Example I designed my pet’s house when I was fifteen. I always wanted to learn how to draw maps and design structures of buildings, roads, and bridges. The fantasy grew into my ambition, and I wanted to learn more about architecture. My passion made me explore more about these issues, and I joined a local library to study the related literature. I have also studied a number of journals and articles that have increased my interest. My basic inspiration was a family friend, an uncle who was an architect and was helping my father in a project regarding designing a low cost orphanage facility in Congo. He inspired me into creating structures, and this increased my enthusiasm about architecture. Thus, I planned to extend my degree in architecture so that I may be able to excel in my field of interest and be a useful professional in my career. I feel it important to state here how pleasing it was for me to pursue architecture. I enjoyed the architectural studies a lot, and came to know about modeling, materiality and aspects of interaction between people and buildings. I learnt how to work in teams to achieve the goals. I gained knowledge of many architectural softwares and programs, like Rhinoceros, AutoCAD, Adobe Illustrator, InDesign and Photoshop. In my university, I have been a very active student, and have always gained the praise of my teachers and peers. I was a student representative in my first and third years. I also possess interest in games, and have stayed part of the volleyball team in my second year. I also deem it important to describe some of personal qualities. I can prove to be an ethical leader for teams, since I plan my work according to rules and standards. I care about my co-workers; keep in view the goals and objectives; and, have a broad vision regarding the advancement of my semester projects. My leadership qualities have always made me succeed in all university projects that I have taken so far, and I am proud

Identify The Needs And Expectation Of Individual Stakeholder Management Essay

Identify The Needs And Expectation Of Individual Stakeholder Management Essay Organizations change constantly, a projects stakeholder set will change as stakeholder change roles within the organization, move into different roles or leave the organization to take up roles in other organizations. For whatever reason, the ability of individual stakeholder to influence the project may increase or decrease. Most project management methodologies define ways to identify project stakeholder, and then base their entire communications strategies on this initial, and only, identification. Many projects fail because stakeholders do not continue to support the vision or objectives of the project. In many cases this is because the team does not recognize changes in the relative power or position of key stakeholder and fails to make appropriate adjustments in their stakeholder management activities. This study reported upon in this paper is focused on support for project managers in building and maintaining relationships with project stakeholder. This is accomplished through using a practical methodology that allows the project team to identify and priorities the projects stakeholder and then stakeholders needs of the project to develop an appropriate relationship management strategy. The underlying assumption for this research is the stakeholder management is extremely difficult, the project manager and his/her project team members must identify, engage and sustain relationships with a diverse set of groups and individuals (including themselves) who can impact the project in many ways. STAKEHOLDER According to Freemans (1984: pg.25 and pg 26) stakeholder view of the firm instrumentally defines a stakeholder as Any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the firms objectives and he suggested that there is a need for integrated approaches for dealing with multiple stakeholder on multiple issues While Freeman framed and demarcated stakeholder as elements of corporate strategic planning. Stakeholders are persons or group who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, as well as those who may have interest in a project and/or the ability to influence its outcome, either positively, or negatively. Stakeholders may include locally affected communities or individuals and their formal and informal representatives, national or local government authorities, politicians, religious leaders, civil society organizations and groups with special interests, the academic community, or other business. The stake that each of these different individuals or groups has in project or investment will vary, for example, there may be people directly affected by the potential environmental or social impacts of a project. Others may be resident in another country altogether, but wish to communicate their concerns or suggestions to the project company. Then there are those who might have great influence over the project, such as government regulators, political or religious leaders, and others active in the local community. There are also stakeholders who, because of their knowledge or stature, can contribute positively, for example, by acting as an honest broker in mediation relationships. TYPES OF STAKEHOLDER Stakeholder is classified as being either internal or external to the firm. They are either part of the business itself, or are influenced by it. There are many groups who are stakeholders inside and outside of a firm who have an interest in its operation, and obviously its survival. The diagram below shows the different stakeholders. Internal stakeholders: are (ones from within an organization) individual, group or business with a vested interest (a stake) in the success of an organization is considered to be a stakeholder. A stakeholder will generally be someone who is concerned with an organization delivering intended results and meeting its financial objectives External stakeholders: are (outside organization) individuals, group or business with a vested interest (a stake) in the success of an organization is considered to be a stakeholder. A stakeholder will generally be someone who is concerned with an organization delivering intended results and meeting its financial objectives. From the table below, Internal stakeholders may have different objectives and level of risk. Stakeholder Objective Risk Shareholders (may be companies not people) Dividend income Small, if investment is part of the portfolio of shares owned. Directors executive Income and power Higher, but may have many directorships, and savings. Directors non-executive Many, depending why they are there. Gives some income. May well be small, smaller than that of executive directors. Managers Income Higher than Directors but lower than that of workers. Workers Continuation of job. Earnings to pay the cost of living High. No job = no income. Jobs may be hard to get. THE IMPORTANCE OF STAKEHOLDERS Stakeholders are those groups, individuals, and parties that are directly affected by the practices of an organization and therefore have a stake in the organizations performance. Some of the common stakeholders in an organization are customers, employees, investors, suppliers, local communities, etc. one of the importance of stakeholders is that a stakeholder can provide feedback to a companys performance. The critical importance of stakeholder engagement and alignment of their goals and vision has been well established (Cooke-Davies 2000, Christensen and Walker 2003). By providing more project manager with a methodology and a tool to better visualize stakeholder potential impact, it is possible to ensure a greater set of potential responses of project manager to the environment they need to operate in (Cooke-Davies 2000, p 211) Stakeholder engagement is a formal process of relationship management through which companies, industries or project engage with a set of stakeholder in an effort to align their mutual interest, to reduce risk and to advance the organizations economic advantage. Manila Water Company Organizational Point of view: (e.g.) From its inception in 1997, Manila Water Company in the Philippians has sought to have a proactive and open relationship with its stakeholders, including customers, local NGOs and government. Good stakeholder relationship are viewed as being fundamental to the core business of the company, which is to provide clean, safe water and sewage services to approximately half of manilas population. When Manila Water acquired the east concession from the government operator, it launched a walk the line program in which all company staff from managers to district level representatives visit their customers, including residents of informal settlements, to consult with them on the delivery of these essential services to their community. As a result of this engagement and other initiatives, Manila Water has significantly improved its service delivery. Between 2004 and 2006, the percentage of household having a 24-hour water supply jumped from 26% to 95%. At t he same time, water losses from the system were reduced from 63% to 35.5%. From 325,000 households served at start of 2004, there were more than 1,000,000 in 2006, including over 848,000 urban poor. The companys proactive stakeholder engagement strategy has also led to a number of partnerships that have benefited local communities, including housing reconstruction for habitat for humanity and micro-financing to start small business through the bank of Philippine islands. Manila Water has established engagement plans for key NGO stakeholders, the media, and investors that include quarterly dialogues and visits to the companys sustainable development and community projects. HOW TO ENGAGE AND MANAGE STAKEHOLDER STRATEGY Stakeholder engagement can improve long-term viability and benefits significantly by improving decision-making, understanding and accountability (Hughes and Demetrius, 2006, p.95) Due to the size and scale of our company, as well as the nature of our business, ConocoPhillips stakeholders have unique and evolving expectations. We proactively engage with them to learn their expectations of us, and then incorporate what we learn into our business plans and actions. This process fosters an environment of trust and mutual respect. Through work with industry associations, participation in multi-sector forums, and dialogue with socially responsible investors, were gaining diverse and valuable perspectives as we continuously improve our sustainable development programs and initiatives. ConocoPhillips stakeholder engagement activities are an integral part of the sustainable development commitments. The major businesses have engagement strategies which vary according to the nature of the local community. In dispersed communities, it identifies key stakeholders and engages with them face-to-face to ensure that the activities are understood and that could consider the feedback. In regions where there are opportunities to bring local stakeholders together, they work with multi-stakeholder groups in a similar way. Proactively identify and seek out key stakeholders early in the business endeavour.à £Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€š ¬ Include these key stakeholders in the design and implementation of the engagement process. Listen in order to understand stakeholders interests, concerns and culture. Communicate openly. Seek solutions that create mutually beneficial business and engagement approaches that also build long-term value for both the company and our stakeholders. Follow through on our commitments and stand accountable for the results, both internally and externally. We engage with stakeholders in variety of ways, for example: Customers: by carrying out a regular customer satisfaction surveys and review feedback from a range of third party surveys. Also to give customers the opportunity to provide feedback directly to stores and via customer service helps line. Employees: by having an open and honest corporate culture, and carrying out regular employee satisfaction surveys. Suppliers: by having a regular communication with its suppliers Communities and NGOs: by engaging with a wide range of local, national and international associations, organizations and NGOs, and local and national government, the municipalities of the communities they serve. Shareholder: by participating in various road shows for socially responsible investment (RSI), at which multinational investors are present. Stakeholders have important and sometimes different priorities. As an organization, there is a need to identify the key stakeholder that is relevant to the business organization activities. And these are the customers, employees, suppliers, communities, NGOs, and shareholders. Many stakeholder engagement activities currently occur at operating level; there is always a plan to aim at an increase activities at group level and also to discuss the progress of the business and implement a future strategy. Benefits of stakeholder engagement Stakeholder benefits Company benefits Reputation Reputation Innovation employee motivation and competence project outputs competitive advantage/innovation access to resources risk management social capital (networks, local knowledge) social capital (networks, local knowledge) Competitive advantage/innovation Several companies supported the view that stakeholder engagement can help create a competitive advantage (Porter and Kramer, 2002; Harting et al, 2006). One respondent noted that weve gone 100% Fair-trade on our bananas and have committed to do the same with tea big strategic changes like that take a lot of planning and create real points of difference that are difficult to copy (Sainsburys). Engaging stakeholders has also been seen as a way of inspiring business innovation: were a big business but we dont have all the answers its good to listen to other people and develop new solutions Marks Spencer DESCRIBE THE ROLES 0F THE DIFFERENT STAKEHOLDERS BY ANALYSISNG DIFFERENT TECHNIQUES Commonly cited techniques for informing deliberation through stakeholder involvement Public hearings: Regulated, formal arrangements for times and places at which members of the general public and other types of stakeholders can give evidence or question public authorities about decisions under consideration. Deliberative polling: Like opinion polling, but collects views after persons have been introduced to the issue and have thought about it. Meant to give an indication of what people would think if they had the time and information to consider the issue (instead of reacting cold). Includes a feedback session, sometimes with a high media profile (e.g. broadcast by television along with documentary inserts) Focus groups: Small groups of invited or recruited persons discuss a theme or proposal; provides insight on their reactions, values, concerns and perspectives, and an indication of how group dynamics influence opinions. Citizen advisory groups: Small groups of persons who represent various interests or expertise (e.g. community leaders) meet on a regular or ad hoc basis to discuss concerns and provide informed input. Consultative groups: Forums that call together key representatives of civil society (NGOs and CSOs), economic and political spheres, to make policy recommendations and to improve the ongoing dialogue between these actors Nominal group process: A structured group interaction technique designed to generate a prioritized list of high-quality ideas within two hours or less. It is particularly helpful for setting goals, defining obstacles, and gathering creative responses to a particular question. Multi-actor policy workshops: Small groups mixing key stakeholders and technical experts, aimed at collecting a range of viewpoints on what are the important question raised by the dialogue issue. These may allow an innovative view of the problem to emerge, along with new approaches to its solution. It is not necessary or practical to engage with all stakeholder groups with the same level of intensity all of the time. Being clear on whom you are engaging with and why will save both time and money. This requires prioritizing your stakeholders and, depending on who they are and what their interests are, figuring out the most appropriate ways to engage. Stakeholder analysis will assist in this prioritization by assessing the significance of the project to each stakeholder group from their perspective, and vice versa. It is important to keep in mind that the project is dynamic and that both stakeholders and their interests might change over time. For example, some stakeholders will be more affected by a particular stage of a project. You may now have a long list of people and organizations that are affected by your project. Some of these may have the power either to block or advance it. Some may be interested in what you are doing, others may not care. You can map out your stakeholders on a Power/Interest Grid as shown in Figure 1, and classify them by their power over and interest in project. Power/Interest Grid for Stakeholder Prioritisation For example, your boss is likely to have high power and influence over your projects and high interest. Your family may have high interest, but are unlikely to have power over it. The position on the grid shows you the actions you have to take with the stakeholder: High power, high interest: these are the stakeholders you must fully engage with, and make the greatest efforts to satisfy. High power, less interest: put enough work in with these stakeholders to keep them satisfied, but not so much that they become bored with your message. Low power, high interest: keep these stakeholders adequately informed, and talk to them to ensure that no major issues are arising. These stakeholders can often be very helpful with the detail of your project. Low power, less interest: monitor these stakeholders but do not bore them with excessive communication. Internal stakeholders: Directors: may be executive or non-executive ones. They are appointed by the shareholders to look after their interest. Shareholders: are the owners of plcs (public limited companies) or private limited companies. Managers: will include the executive directors. When they are running the company they are managers. Essentially managers are the [people within a firm responsible for planning and directing the work of a group of individuals and monitoring their work. Worker: These are all the non-managerial/supervisory people that work in a firm. External stakeholder Central government: firms supply the central government with a large part of its income. They can influence their decisions, though, especially if they are large and powerful. Locality: firms create employment and income for the community. Employees spend in shops etc. creating more jobs. There is a multiplying effect from this income. They may cause pollution and other problems causing potential conflict of interest. Pressure groups: this may b e stakeholders if they are affected directly or indirectly by the actions of a firm. Local communities, for instance, may form a pressure group to prevent a firm from expanding its premises or even setting up in the first place. Customers: customers have an obvious interest in the survival and efficiency of the firm. They want the product at the best price and quality possible. Suppliers: suppliers have an obvious interest in the survival and efficiency of the firm. They want the product to sell so they get the orders from materials etc. Competitors: competitors have an interest in the survival of the firm. Its failure may help them (more market share available), but so may their survival. (Monopoly markets are not as good as they seem. New technology firm need competitors to help with the marketing and market development.) Local government: films are part of the locality so interface with the government. They supply income (business tax) and need services. (Planning, health, fire, police) Also, Secondary stakeholders may play key roles in managing conflict by: Information gathering and analysis providing technical support, obtaining or advising on information, participating in the search for views on possible solutions, or increasing the acceptability of various outcomes; Advocacy working alongside weaker parties to build a transparent process, or helping the wider political arena to work towards greater equity; Intermediating acting as mediators between other conflicting groups; Monitoring and enforcement ensuring compliance with agreements by helping to enforce any that are broken. Secondary stakeholders can be effectively involved without including them directly in formal negotiations. For example, they can take part in focus group meetings, advisory or working groups, surveys or interviews, and community meetings. USE RACI ANALYSIS TO CLEARIFY STAKEHOLDER MAPPING AND TECHNIQUE: by Value Based Management.net Last updated Apr 17th, 2012 RACI Analysis: The RACI model is a relatively straightforward tool that can be used for identifying roles and responsibilities during an organizational change process. After all, transformation processes do not process themselves; people have to do something to make the process happen. Therefore it is useful to describe what should be done by whom to make a transformation process happen. Instead of the term RACI, sometimes also the terms RASCI or RASIC are used. RASCI is an abbreviation for: R= Responsible owns the problem or project A= to whom R is Accountable who must sign off (approve) on work before it is effective S = can be Supportive can provide resources or can play a supporting role in implementation C= to be consulted has information and/or capability necessary to complete the work I= to be Informed must be notified of results, but need not to be consulted The techniques is typically supported by an RACI chart (see figure) which helps to dearly discuss, agree and communicate the roles and responsibilities. Typical steps in a RACL process: Identify all the processes / activities involved. Identify all of the roles. Identify who has the RASCI for each process. Every process should preferably have one and only one R as a general principle. Resolve overlaps. Resolve gaps. Responsibility matrix that helps to clarify the who-does-what on the virtual team.   While working with a team recently I realized that RACI is often confused with a similar tool called a stakeholder analysis.   Whats a stakeholder?   In the case of telework, a stakeholder is any individual, group or organization that can have a significant impact on or can be significantly impacted by the telework initiative.   A stakeholder analysis is a process to align the political aspects of the organization  to the needs and goals of telework.   The success of a telework program can be influenced by many factors.   As many studies have pointed out, some of the biggest hurdles in telework are management resistance, organizational culture, and communication.   A stakeholder analysis can help overcome these barriers by forcing the implementation team to identify all the potential parties and individuals that can positively or negatively influence the initiative and then develop strategies to align those stakeholders. Creating a stakeholder analysis is simple.   Heres how to do it step by step: First, identify the individuals or groups that qualify as stakeholders (you can list them in the first column).   Next, identify whether they are resistant, supportive, or neutral in regards to the telework implementation.   I have colored coded mine (red, green, yellow) to make it stand out more.   Some teams like to use a scale of 1 5 to add in categories of very resistant to very supportive. In this step you will identify the issues or reasons that explain the stakeholders position.   If they are resistant, why are they resistant? Once the team labels the stakeholders position, they can use the same scale described in Step 2 to list where they need the stakeholder to be.   This step will help you prioritize where to focus some of your communication and change management efforts.   For example, you may have stakeholders that are neutral to the initiative but they are not vital stakeholders and as long as they are not resistant, then there is no need to focus on them.   Lastly, for the stakeholders the team needs to align, the team can identify the specific strategies to employ to get them onboard.   Additional columns can be added to assign specific team members to the strategies and due dates. So whats the difference between the stakeholder analysis and a RACI?   Both are living documents and can be used to help increase intra-organization communication.   However, the RACI is typically used to determine who-does-what while the stakeholder analysis helps get various people or organizations onboard with the initiative.   Like the RACI, there are may variations to the stakeholder analysis.   Some practitioners like to add an additional column to help prioritize stakeholders, such as level of impact the stakeholder might have.   Other matrices can be get more elaborate by adding additional columns for identifying root causes to certain issues or specifics of the communication plan (i.e. frequency, medium, etc.).   My advice is to keep it simple.   The intent, not the table, is what is important.   Successful telework implementations depend on managing a number of stakeholders.   Getting them aligned at the onset and keeping them onboard is key and can be done with a little forethought. Analysis for each stakeholder: Are there too many Rs:  Does one stakeholder have too much of the project assigned to them? No empty cells:  Does the stakeholder need to be involved in so many of the activities? Can Responsible be changed to Consulted, or Consulted changed to Informed? I.e., are there too many cooks in this kitchen to keep things moving? (And if so, what does that say about the culture within which this project is being managed?) Buy-in:  Does each stakeholder totally agree with the role that they are specified to play in this version of the model? When such agreement is achieved, that should be included in the projects charter and documentation. Analysis for each PLC step or deliverable: No Rs:  Who is doing the work in this step and getting things done? Whose role is it to take the initiative? Too many Rs:  Is this another sign of too many cooks in this kitchen to keep things moving? No As:  Who is Accountable? There must be one A for every step of the PLC. One stakeholder must be Accountable for the thing happening the buck stops with this person. More than one A:  Is there confusion on decision rights? Stakeholders with accountability have the final say on how the work should be done and how conflicts are resolved. Multiple As invite slow and contentious decision-making. Every box filled in:  Do all the stakeholders really need to be involved? Are there justifiable benefits in involving all the stakeholders, or is this just covering all the bases? A lot of Cs:  Do all the stakeholders need to be routinely Consulted, or can they be kept Informed and raise exceptional circumstances if they feel they need to be Consulted? Too many Cs in the loop really slows down the project. Are all true stakeholders included in this model:  Sometimes this is more of a challenge to ensure, as its an error of omission. This is often best addressed by a steering committee or management team.

The Facade of Tattoos Essay examples -- essays research papers

The Facade of Tattoos In "Parker's Back" by Flannery O'Connor, the tattoos O.E. Parker receives are crucial to the reader’s understanding of him. Furthermore, O'Connor suggests them as major symbols throughout Parker's life. Parker, the main character in this story, goes through the actions of life without really knowing who he is and why he is on the earth. â€Å"Parker gradually experiences religious conversion and, though tattooed all over the front of his body, is drawn to having a Byzantine tattoo of Christ placed on his back†¦, O’Connor was using unusual symbols to convey her sense of the mystery of God’s redemptive power (Shackelford, p 1800).† Because of the tattoos, the reader is able to see O'Connor reveal the major characteristics in Parker's life and sympathize with this man as he searches for his identity and finds God. First of all, in order to understand O’Connor’s short story, the reader must look into the background of her life. â€Å"Parker’s Back† was the last story written by O’Connor before she died at the early age of thirty-nine from the disease of Lupus. Her writings all reflect from her religious background of Catholicism. â€Å"O’Connor wrote brilliant stories that brought the issue of religious faith into clear dramatic focus. She was a devout Roman Catholic living in predominantly Protestant rural Georgia. Her stories are far from pious; in fact, their mode is usually shocking and often bizarre. Yet the religious issues they raise are central to her work (Drake, online vertical file--------------------------------).† â€Å"Time and again in her stories, the spokesmen for a self-satisfied secularism run afoul of representatives of... the God-haunted protagonists†¦they play an indispensable role†¦they act as spiritual cata lysts†¦(CLC, p276†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.).† â€Å"To even the casual reader it would appear that Miss O’Connor really had only one story to tell and really only one main character. This principal character is, of course, Jesus Christ; and her one story is man’s absolutely crucial encounter with Him (Drake, p273).† Being a devout Catholic, O’Connor’s â€Å"faith consciously informed her fiction. The difficulty of her work, she explained†¦is that many of her readers do not understand the redemptive quality of ‘grace,’ and, she added, ‘don’t recognize it when they see it. All my stories are... ... this image O’Connor graphically conveys the suffering of Christ incarnate in humanity, and expresses her belief that convergence with Christ means union with Christ’s suffering, not escape from suffering into some abstract realm of spiritual bliss†¦emphasizing that the rising in consciousness that precedes true convergence is expressed not through external power or dominance over others but, paradoxically, in a descent into vulnerability, into suffering, into weakness, into man’s essential poverty (CLC p 159).† It is in this last scene that the reader becomes sympathetic with Obadiah Elihue, having been driven out of the house by his harridan wife, â€Å"leaning against the tree, crying like a baby.† Through the descriptions of Parker's tattoos, one can make connections between the "pictures" he has "drawn all over him" and what goes on in his actual life. O'Connor uses the tattoo symbols to reveal the growth of the protagonist, for it takes him years to get past his outer image of his body, to examine his own soul. One begins to sympathize with this man, "Obadiah Elihue," as he searches for himself and finds peace with God.