Erikson’s Life Span Development Theories Essay - 2982 Words

Thesis: The theory of psychosocial development developed by Erik Erikson is one of the best-known theories of personality. Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages and described the impact of social experience across the lifespan. Similar to Sigmund Freud, but unlike Piaget, Erikson believed that personality develops in a series of stages that are predetermined. Unlike Freud’s theory of psychosexual stages, Erikson’s theory, that of a psychosocial behavior, describes the impact of social experience across the entire lifespan. At each stage of development, Erikson described conflicts that act as turning points in life. This paper will discuss what Erikson’s theories is sheltered instruction, and how they apply to†¦show more content†¦well, she should know whats going to happen to the watch, whats going to happen to daddys temper, and whats going to happen to her! She can be guilty of the act, and she can begin to feel guilty as well. The capacity for moral judgment has arrived. Stage four is the latency stage, or the school-age child from about six to twelve. The task is to develop a capacity for industry while avoiding an excessive sense of inferiority. Children must tame the imagination and dedicate themselves to education and to learning the social skills their society requires of them. At this stage, the parents and other family members are joined by teachers, peers, and other members of he community at large. They all contribute: Parents must encourage, teachers must care, peers must accept. Children must learn that there is pleasure not only in conceiving a plan, but also in carrying it out. They must learn the feeling of success, whether it is in school or on the playground, academic or social. Stage five is adolescence, beginning with puberty and ending around 18 or 20 years old. The task during adolescence is to achieve ego identity and avoid role confusion. Ego identity means knowing who you are and how you fit in to the rest of society. It requires that you take all you have learned about life and yourself and mold it into a unified self-image, one that your community finds meaningful. Without these things, we are likely to see role confusion, meaning anShow MoreRelatedErik Erikson s Theory And Theory908 Words   |  4 PagesBoth Erik Erikson’s theory and Mary Ainsworth and John Bowlby theory support the idea that early life experiences impact the person across their lifespan. Erikson’s developmental theory discusses the eight stages of life and the forces and values that arise at each stage, which should be developed within this frame. The attachment theory focuses on the interaction an individual has and the impact it may have on their psychological an d social development. Both theories believe that personality beginsRead MoreErik Erikson : Psychosocial Development1103 Words   |  5 PagesErik Erikson: Psychosocial Stages of Development â€Å"Erik Erikson was best-known for his famous theory of psychosocial development and the concept of the identity crisis. His theories marked and important shift in thinking on personality; instead of focusing simply on early childhood events, his psychosocial theory looked at how social influences contribute to personality throughout the entire lifespan† (Cherry). This paper will discuss Erikson’s childhood and the influence it had on his work. AlsoRead MoreEarly Childhood Psychosocial Development Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pageshuman throughout the life span. The development starts from infant until old age. Childhood is a time of tremendous change, but people also continue to grow slowly and develop during adulthood. It is a continuous process with a predictable sequence. These developmental changes may be influenced by genetic factor, environment factor and maturation factor. There are three types of human development changes: physical development, cognitive development and psychosocial development. Our group member’sRead MoreThe Theories of Bandura versus Erikson859 Words   |  3 Pagesare a variety of factors that contribute to human development. A person not only grows physically but also cognitively and socio-emotionally. This paper will explain two theories; one cognitive and one socio-emotional; about human development. The two theories will be described, compared, contrasted and individually evaluated based on the strong points and limitations. The first theory examined is Albert Bandura’s social cognitive/learning theory. A child does not automatically know how to interpretRead MoreEssay on The Life-Span Developmental Approach to Counseling999 Words   |  4 Pages The life-span development approach addresses the basic nature versus nurture debate by allowing for both. Just as our physicals selves are determined by both genetics and lifestyle, so are our emotional selves. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I plan to consider life-span development to specialize in counseling a specific type of person with hopes of becoming well-versed, and therefore more helpful, in the types of experiences that group faces. â€Å"Personality can be better understood if it isRead MoreEssay on The Life-Span Developmental Approach to Counseling1056 Words   |  5 PagesThe life-span development approach addresses the basic nature versus nurture debate by allowing for both. Just as our physicals selves are determined by both genetics and lifestyle, so are our emotional selves. As a Licensed Professional Counselor, I plan to consider life-span development to specialize in counseling a specific type of person with hopes of becoming well-versed, and therefore more helpful, in the types of experiences that group faces. Personality can be better understood if it isRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesEriksons Psychosocial Theory of Development: Young Adults The young adult has numerous stresses placed upon them through the route of development. Erikson has theorised developmental stages of growth into tasks. Of Eriksons theoretical tasks, one task describes the theory of intimacy versus isolation. This task theory can be examined using the normative crisis model. The knowledge of developmental tasks of the young adult can be beneficial to the nurse especially associated with their abilityRead MoreTheories About Human Developments Through A Life Span1742 Words   |  7 Pageshas taught and explained many theories about human developments through a life span. Such has Erikson’s stage of Identity Vs. Identity confusion which is explained by how aging adolescents face deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. Identity is aided by psychosocial moratorium, its noted that society leaves adolescents free of responsibility, and allows them to try different identities throughout a lifespan. Another theory that Dr. Zeng taught and explainedRead MorePsychoanalytic Theories Explain Development As Unconscious Processes That Are Heavily Colored By Emotion846 Words   |  4 Pages Psychoanalytic theories explain development as unconscious processes that are heavily colored by emotion (Santrock 2014). Sigmund Freud was a psychoanalytic theorist who established a psychosexual theory believing that development occurred during life stage conflicts between a source of pleasure and the demands of reality. Many theorists after Freud believed that there was a good basis in Freud’s theory but it relied too much on the idea of sexual instincts. One such theorist was Erik EriksonRead MoreErik Erikson s Psychosocial Theory On Child Development1388 Words   |  6 PagesErik Erikson’s Psychosocial Theory on Child Development Erik Erikson, a well known developmental theorist, developed his theory about stages of human development from birth to death by using Freud s work as a starting point. According to Erikson, personality develops in a series of stages. Erikson found out that children experience conflicts which affect their development. He described the internal conflict which children go through in developmental stages using the term ‘crisis’ and are based on

Leading Technological Changes in Healthcare

Question: Discuss about the Leading Technological Changes in Healthcare. Answer: Introduction: The last decade has witnessed some of the path breaking and significant changes in terms of technological innovations and advancements in the medical fields and healthcare facilities. The process is a dynamic one with revolutionizing, life-changing technological interventions intruding our everyday life scenarios. Healthcare industry with its ever-surging patient numbers require multiple demands to be fulfilled successfully. In view of this, the importance of the modern day technology and inventions pertinent to medical domain is receiving a major thrust with the passage of time. Therefore, a glimpse into these futuristic models suitable for implementation will provide an insight into the actual circumstances. The prime challenge faced in this regard is in identification of the potential ideas and developments that can be put into practice in the later days. However, provision of quality as well as cost-effective healthcare services has been a matter of concern for the healthcare pro fessionals and efforts are in progress to ensure these benefits without burdening the recipients with excessive health cost. Thus, constant modification of the existing healthcare settings, replacement of the conventional mode of medical service with personalized and updated advancement in the healthcare sector is the call of the hour to guide us towards a better and healthy tomorrow. Review of Literatures: A thorough understanding and knowledge about the recent developments and innovations attributable to technological advancement and modernization of science in the healthcare framework will provide answers to numerous health related queries. In connection to this, an extensive and explorative literature reviews are carried out in the concerned domain of healthcare to identify and present the most recent technologies in terms of medical relevance, which are as follows: Electronic health record (EHR) is a computer dependent documentation of patients health related information ranging from their demographics, vital signs, medications, notes on progress, laboratory investigation results, and pathological reports, clinical histories to immunization records and others. EHR takes into account the multiple healthcare encounters of the patients and thereby provide a holistic mode of treatment with scope for future referral and timely intervention. EHR follows evidence based practice of decision making ensuring improved care and management strategy, simultaneously evaluating patients health outcomes. The chief advantage of EHR lies in its accessibility and reproducibility (Baumann Karel, 2013). Telemedicine is an emerging branch of healthcare service where by virtue of telecommunication technology, diagnosis and cure for patients are possible from remote location. Electronic communication plays a crucial role in telemedicine by fostering data accessibility, portability, supervision and retrieval from distant places. Mutual exchange of information from the doctor and the patients end in telemedicine approach allows overall good treatment. Integration of telemedicine is evident in hospital infrastructure, specialized departments, private physicians chambers, consumers homes and workplace settings. Wireless gadgets, e-mails, smart phones, video conversations provide tools of operation in telemedicine. Holographic data input procedures that allow the data to be easily accessible in a hospital setting without the need for any particular hardware component may be mentioned in this context. Reports suggest that telemedicine is effective to breach the gaps in areas related to emerg ency services and provide service coverage in rural areas, ensures promotion of video empowered multisite group chart sites (Weinstein et al., 2014). Automated healthcare kiosk for patients with chronic ailments provides a possible alternative to manage the diseases independently in primary healthcare setting. The crisis of primary healthcare workers may be effectively addressed through this leverage. However the patients or the users educational skill and linguistic proficiency may pose obstacle to utilize the service. Therefore optimization and modification of the kiosk facility is essential in this matter. Evidences revealed that the measurements obtained through this service corroborate to the manual evaluation of the clinical conditions like blood pressure and others. Frequency of physician visits can be minimized through fruitful implementation of this technology in addition to added advantage of scope for continuous monitoring of ones own health (Ng et al., 2016). Sensors and wearable technology are the potential targets and topic of research and development of current medical world. Pertaining to the beneficiary effects of these technologies, the applications have found wide-spreading implications particularly notable in cases of biomechanics, physical medicine and rehabilitation, motor skill evaluation. A particular utility of this innovation is in its quantification and accurate measurement ability. The progressive, debilitating neurodegenerative disease of Parkinsonism can be quantitatively assessed utilizing this technology. It allows for round the clock, uninterrupted, goal oriented and ecologically authentic data acquisition, as well as foster better patient and physician communication, impact therapeutic decisions thereby escalating the overall health status of the patient. The data obtained from the sensors and wearable technology worn by the patients suffering from Parkinsons disease can be used as outcome variable for clinical trial s (Maetzler, 2013). Pharmacogenomics is a conglomeration of two disciplines of pharmacology and genomics aimed to develop safe and effective therapeutic and drug regime or dosage customized in accordance to a persons genetic makeup.Pharmacogenomics along with genome sequencing have received much attention in the healthcare industry anticipating the functions and performance of the genes and its genomic variants in medical treatment outcomes. Predicting the patients response to a particular drug via genetic tests elucidating the genes and the networks is an important application of this technology. High throughput genetic technologies combine the central concepts of both the fields to improvise a tailored, most appropriate drug therapy for the patient to incur the best possible outcomes (Sharma, Ayyaswamy, Kishore, 2015). Biomaterials of synthetic or natural origin used in healthcare system nowadays integrate the principles and concepts of various fields such as material science, cell biology, nano technology and medicine. Research from all over the world focus on the durability, compatibility and safe production of biomaterials that can lead to tissue regeneration following adverse conditions under given suitable microenvironment, cytokine and growth factor abundance situation. Incorporation of the bioactive ligands within hydrogel scaffolds for the cells to act and absorb within the matrix is the basis of designing the modern synthetic biomaterials. Tissue repair and regeneration is promoted through development of novel biomaterials that substantially imitates the tissues natural healing environment. Determination and direction of the fate of stem cells, promotion of shuttle mediated drug delivery are few of the important applications of biomaterials (Rice et al., 2013). Prosthetics or artificial body parts are generally preferred among the victims of wars and people who had encountered traumatic brain injury. Prosthetics act as assistive technology for the wounded survivors to effectively cope up with their daily lives. The interface enables the persons to develop an interaction compatible with the neural circuits of the brain devoid of any latency. Patients undergoing medical amputations, suffering from neural disorders and spinal cord injuries are benefited utilizing the technology through neurologically empowered state-of-the-art limbs of prosthetic type. Prosthetics have undergone major improvements and modifications in the healthcare setting in an attempt to provide the affected with quality life behavior (Murphy, 2013). Ocular prosthetics is relatively novel technology that works by means of fitting artificial eyes and offer rays of hope for persons with eye related complications or those who have encountered serious eye injuries (Starling Brown, 2015). Artificial retina is meant meant for restoring the vision in people who are suffering from retinal degenerative diseases and have lost their vision during the period. Simulation studies explain the efficiency and utility of this sophisticated technology pertaining to artificial retina made out of poly Si thin film transistors (TFTs). Supply of wireless power to the artificial retina is suitable for epiretinal transplant upon the curved human eyeballs (Yamamoto et al., 2016). 3D printing in medical field is an evolving technology that has the potential to transform the pharmaceutical industry to a great extent. It may be applicable to printing live cells, organs, dental implants, preoperative models for complicated surgeries by head and neck surgeons as well as face reconstructive surgeries by plastic surgeons. This technology helps the surgeons to get an overview of the precise location information of the bodily organ thereby minimizing the operating time and maximizing the operational outcomes. Normal and pathologic anatomy of the actual patients can be retrieved in conjunction with the computer based programs. Bony fractures complexities can also be well noted through 3D technology usage. Therefore 3D technology has the potential to literally shape the future of the healthcare industry (Michalski Ross, 2014). Tooth regeneration is a highly conserved evolutionary process in vertebrates from lower mammals to humans. Stem cell research in the recent days have highlighted the need to re-grow the missing teeth through implementation of low power LASERs to activate the stem cells that in turn stimulate regeneration of dental tissues from dental progenitor cells to ensure morphological diversity in dentition (Tucker Fraser, 2014). Robotic surgery is a common practice among the present day surgeons and physicians to improve the quality of healthcare in the patients and optimize the surgery outcomes in them. It is widely practiced in cases of coronary artery bypass, hysterectomy, tubal ligation, colorectomy and others and has strong advantages over other endoscopic techniques. Small tools fitted to the robotic arms connected to a computer enable the surgeons to carry out the operations. Benefits of such surgery are evident from faster recovery, shorter hospital stays, less operation-borne scars, lesser chances of infection, bleeding. Virtual reality simulators aid the progression of the robotic surgery within a safe setting (Abboudi et al., 2013). Thus evidences from reviewing the literatures brought to the forefront the above mentioned technologies and innovations of the present generation in healthcare services that hold promises for both present as well as the future. Conclusion: Healthcare industry has evolved over the years. Services being available from hospital and laboratory settings have now been extended to home setting also. Cutting age technological advancement is credited to reflect these positive outcomes. Everything staring from patient admission, medical data retrieval to medical examinations and monitoring of the patients have undergone rampant changes attributed to digitalization and extensive uses of virtual interfaces in computing and evaluation alongside technical improvement in operative healthcare. Collaborative contributions from allied disciplines like engineering, biology, informatics, mathematics and others are the pivotal driving forces for facilitating these changes and up-gradations. Thus, technology in conjunction with the medical discoveries and innovations offer the hope for the coming days. References: Abboudi, H., Khan, M. S., Aboumarzouk, O., Guru, K. A., Challacombe, B., Dasgupta, P., Ahmed, K. (2013). Current status of validation for robotic surgery simulatorsa systematic review.BJU international,111(2), 194-205. Baumann, L. C., Karel, M. A. (2013). Electronic Health Record. In Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine(pp. 669-670). Springer New York. Maetzler, W., Domingos, J., Srulijes, K., Ferreira, J. J., Bloem, B. R. (2013). Quantitative wearable sensors for objective assessment of Parkinson's disease.Movement Disorders,28(12), 1628-1637. Michalski, M. H., Ross, J. S. (2014). The shape of things to come: 3D printing in medicine.JAMA,312(21), 2213-2214. Murphy, D. P. (2013).Fundamentals of amputation care and prosthetics. Demos Medical Publishing. Ng, G., Tan, N., Bahadin, J., Shum, E., Tan, S. W. (2016). Development of an Automated Healthcare Kiosk for the Management of Chronic Disease Patients in the Primary Care Setting.Journal of medical systems,40(7), 1-11. Rice, J. J., Martino, M. M., De Laporte, L., Tortelli, F., Briquez, P. S., Hubbell, J. A. (2013). Engineering the regenerative microenvironment with biomaterials. Advanced healthcare materials, 2(1), 57-71. Sharma, S., Ayyaswamy, J., Kishore, J. (2015). Technology Driven Healthcare. Advanced Techniques in Biology Medicine, 2015. Starling, N., Brown, S. (2015). Ocular prosthetics in the UK: Hope beyond trauma.International Journal of Ophthalmic Practice,6(1), 43-47. Tucker, A. S., Fraser, G. J. (2014). Evolution and developmental diversity of tooth regeneration. InSeminars in cell developmental biology(Vol. 25, pp. 71-80). Academic Press. Weinstein, R. S., Lopez, A. M., Joseph, B. A., Erps, K. A., Holcomb, M., Barker, G. P., Krupinski, E. A. (2014). Telemedicine, telehealth, and mobile health applications that work: opportunities and barriers.The American journal of medicine,127(3), 183-187. Yamamoto, Y., Ishizaki, T., Matsuda, T., Kimura, M. (2016). Wireless power supply to artificial retina using poly-Si thin-film transistor. InFuture of Electron Devices, Kansai (IMFEDK), 2016 IEEE International Meeting for(pp. 1-2). IEEE.

Ufos (Are They Out There) Essays - Ufology, , Term Papers

Ufo's (Are They Out There) Almost every civilization in history that has kept a written history has recorded the sightings of strange objects and lights in the skies. These objects have been described as glowing wheels, colored balls of light, and disk shaped objects. Today unexplained aerial phenomena are generally referred to as unidentified flying objects (UFO's) or flying saucers. The effects of extra terrestrial sightings can have an adverse effect on people if influenced the wrong way. No solid proof has shown that UFO's are real, but many sightings cannot be proven otherwise. The media, stories, or one's own experience may often influence what one believes. The government once stated that they had captured extra terrestrials. (60 minutes, CBS) On the contrary, most scientists now agree that almost all sightings and stories of extra terrestrials are not authentic. The United States government has records of thousands of UFO sightings since 1948, including photos of alleged UFOs and interviews with people who claim to have seen them. Since UFOs were considered a potential security risk, the report on these sightings was originally classified as secret. (Craig, 917) When the report was later declassified it showed that 90 percent of all UFO sightings could be easily explained. Most of the sightings turned out to be celestial objects, such as stars or bright planets like Venus, or atmospheric events such as auroras or meteors falling through the atmosphere. Many other sightings turned out to be objects such as weather balloons, satellites, aircraft lights, or formations of birds. Often these sightings were accompanied by unusual weather conditions. Only 5.6 percent of these cases were not explained. Testimonies by people are often very inaccurate and dramatized. People have the tendency to explain everything they see, which is not usually completely accurate. The unaided human eye can be tricked into hallucination and has an inaccurate depth perception. Reflections from windows and eyeglasses can provide an optical illusion of a UFO. Radar is much more reliable to identify objects, but it cannot detect many characteristics that separate natural phenomena and physical objects. Radar often picks up ionized gas, rain, or thermal discontinuities. Electronic interference is also a frequent problem. Either way, scientists are left with many unanswered questions. There are many mysteries about UFO's with many indefinite answers. Many investigators have tried to solve some peculiar questions about UFO's, but many of their conclusions cannot be proven. In 1968 the United States Air Force asked Edward U. Condon, a physicist at the University of Colorado, to head a panel studying the claims of extraterrestrial crafts. (Unidentified Flying Objects, Encarta encyclopedia) The committee's final report was reviewed by a special committee of the National Academy of Sciences and released in early 1969. The 37 scientists who contributed to the report interviewed UFO witnesses and studied physical and photographic evidence. The report, also known as the Condon Report, concluded that not only was there no evidence of extraterrestrial control of UFOs but also that no further UFO studies were needed. Their advice was accepted by the United States, but for other independent laboratories it was not enough. Whether or not a person believes UFO's are, in fact, real or not is probably because of influence from the media. For instance, the smash hit movie Independence Day was a movie about aliens attacking Earth so they can keep it for themselves. The company that made the movie, FOX, has been promoting extra terrestrial ideas to bring media attention to UFO's. The company bought the stretch of highway 375 outside the mysterious secret military base named Area 51, which plays an important part in the movie. In it, several aliens were captured and stored along with their aircraft. In fact, the government has announced that it has captured aliens and their aircraft, but that was later denied. (Woolward, 912) This has been said to be the cause of the vast amount of UFO reports since 1948. The government also denied that Area 51 even existed for several years, even though it had been photographed many times. Today, the military base is thought to be a very heavily guarded test sight for many s tealth planes in development for the military, including some possible flying saucers. This sight is

Grad school essay Essays

Grad school essay Essays Grad school essay Essay Grad school essay Essay Leadership development program David Jackson is a board member and graduate of Leadership Prince Georges Inc., which is a Non-Profit Leadership Organization that mainly supports community leaders for the core purpose of refining and improving their leadership abilities. As the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Facilitator of the course, I first met David during the leadership development program. In the program, David was acting as a participant and myself was a board member where I was actively involved on embarking a number of community projects. Although the leadership development training program involved many other things, Davids role in it was considerable definite. He was involved in vigorous participating focus that helped the participants in a number of ways. For instance, he mainly focused on increasing understanding to their self through self-reflection, and challenging the boundaries of personal beliefs in order to encourage growth and create more effective leadership. During the progress of the course, it was evident that David possessed distinctive ability to meet and overcome challenges to his personal beliefs as an individual and also as part of the team. Throughout each of the training modules, David had the opportunity to provide and receive feedback to myself as the facilitator, and from other instructors, classmates, and work colleagues. David was always engaged, had a teachable attitude, and received constructive criticism with a positive attitude, which is good for every individual who is open minded. Home health agency I can ascertain to everyone that I have known David to be an individual who is highly committed to his own development through the taking of the leadership course, as well as seeking to enroll in other current course or other business and training courses. Moreover, I have also known him to be committed to his own physical development, which he has easily achieved through healthy eating and exercise. He is always ready to share advice and information on how one can keep fit to any individual who is interested in : Therefore, in conclusion, I can comfortably state that David is always willing to help others with advice about improving their own health and well-being. He owns and operates a home health agency, and volunteers in various community organizations such as the American Heart Association, the Prince Georges County Healthcare Action Coalition, INOVA Mt Vernon Hospital. He is also engaged serves on various boards such as Leadership Prince George;s, Prince George;s Chamber of Commerce and Reid Temple Trustees. ; ; ;

PPP Approach to Language Teaching Literature review

PPP Approach to Language Teaching - Literature review Example This large number of functions is why learning a language is an essential part a human’s development, thus making it one of the most important fields of research for psychologists, doctors, as well as linguists. The process by which a person learns to use a language is language acquisition (Bailey, Madden and Krashen, 235–243, 1974). The learning occurs when the person has grasped how to use the words to express them, and to understand other people when they use these words. In addition, it is not necessarily limited to children. Adults may also undergo language acquisition in case of delayed learning, or in case, they are learning a secondary language (Behrens, 245, 2008). There are several components to this learning, such as understanding how to use syntax, phonetics, and a range of vocabulary (Goodluck, 87, 1991). Furthermore, language is not limited to spoken communication. Sign language is also a common form of language, which consists of using manual signals and gestures to speak. Only human beings have a language that is complex enough to have uniformity in structure, and employs proper vocabulary and syntax (Oxford, 261-275, 1989). Linguists have always been particularly interested in researching the process through which infants learn a language. This process is especially intriguing due to how little input and time these young children require learning a language. Several theorists have presented viewpoints and theories about this phenomenal language acquisition (Macaro, 381, 2010). This paper explores on the usefulness of one of these theories, which is the Presentation, Practice and Production Approach to Language Teaching (PPP approach), and will research the depths of its criticism. It will further try to explore alternative theories by comparing their validity and reliability to PP P, to evaluate this theory further. Language acquisition is an intricate process. It depends especially on the methodology that the teacher employs while teaching the language. These methodologies can be of six different types. One is Collaborative Learning, in which the roles are roughly under division between the student and the teacher, with both of them participating equally in the learning process. It is an interactive method, where the learning occurs by their holding conversations, interviews and having several other experiences (Unsworth, 60-66, 2010). This describes the second and third stages of the PPP approach, which stress on the student putting what they have learnt into practice. The second method is the Cooperative Language Learning, in which the student learns to use a language by socializing and interacting. This again, describes the practice stage of the PPP approach. The third method is Discovery-based learning, which is derived from the theories of the renowned psychologist Piaget. It bases its methodology on constructivist methods, involving the students having to inquire about and discover the several dimensions of the language their learning. This may not synchronize well with the PPP approach due to the vast different in technique and ideology. The fourth method is Engaged Learning (Unsworth, 60-66, 2010). This method makes the learners actively engage in the acquisition of the language, which they do using several tools, such as videos and recordings. Apart from this, there is Problem-based learning, which teaches the student how to use and understand a language by first teaching them a part of it, and then testing them through a question-answer format. In this method, the

How income inequality effects teen pregnancy Research Proposal

How income inequality effects teen pregnancy - Research Proposal Example (Rich, 2012). According to a survey conducted by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, â€Å"nearly 330,000† girls of an age group from 15 to 19 are reported to be pregnant in a year (Ipatenco, 2014). Inspite of a decrease in American teen childbirth for the last 10 to 20 years, among the most developed countries, the United States have the highest level of pregnant teenagers than other developing countries (Rich, 2012). Scientist have been trying for years to â€Å"untangle† the mixed complication among different aspects like education, economic, culture and contraception which cause pregnancy during teenage (Rich, 2012). Scholarly studies reveal that there is a direct â€Å"connection† between teenage pregnancy and income inequality (Oakes & Jolicoeur, 2012). This study intends to find out the relationship between income inequality and teenage pregnancy as this is becoming the most discussed public problem in present day. Teenage childbirth has a big risk on mother as well as the child. Many studies have identified a relation between â€Å"income inequality† and teen pregnancy. Researchers contemd that the teens living in a place where the income inequality is greater, in such a situation they are not able to grow up to their needs of life, such teenagers tend to lose their hope and get on the path of depression, which forces them into a carefree life style (Oakes & Jolicoeur, 2012). The authors say that not only income inequality can be stated as a reason for teen childbirth but this is a â€Å"topic† which needs more studies (Rich, 2012). To overcome this problem , various aspects that lead to the problem need to be identified and accordingly solutions for the same must be found out. Hence through this research the reasons and preventive measures for this issue will be discussed. The rate of teenage pregnancy was

Industrial and Personnel Psychology Essay Example for Free

Industrial and Personnel Psychology Essay 1. Personal biographical characteristics of note are factors that describe an individual. Factors such as age, gender, marital status and tenure. These characteristics have an impact on the attitudes that an individual may have towards work and dependent variable such as productivity, absenteeism, and turnover and job satisfaction. The relationship between age and job performance is of great importance because it is believed that job performance decreases as age increases. Though not all employers have perceptions of older employees. From a positive perspective it is noted that older employees have more experience, judgment, ethics and commitment. In addition, with older employees, labour turnover is reduced. Because of their longer tenure within the organization they tend to enjoy increased wages, pension and many other benefits and are therefore less likely to leave. With regards to absenteeism and older employees, the evidence is however mixed. Although there are decreases in avoidable absenteeism rates compared to younger employees, there is an increase in unavoidable rates due to poor health due to age, and longer recovery periods. However from a negative point it is noted that older employees lack flexibility, there is a decrease in their productivity due to decreased speed, agility, strength and co-ordination and resistance to change in a changing environment. Consequently, organizations are reluctant to hire older employees. In addition, they tend to retrench them first when it comes to downsizing. Gender in job performance has no evidence that it affects job satisfaction. However there is a difference in work schedules because women mostly prefer part time work or work flexibility due to family responsibilities. With regards to absenteeism women usually have a higher rate of absenteeism than men as women traditionally care for the family. For example when children are sick, it is the mothers who tend to take off work in order to take care of such sick children. Married employees generally have a decrease in absenteeism, turnover and an increase in job satisfaction. This may be due to increased responsibilities. With regards to tenure, there is a positive relationship between seniority and job performance and a negative relationship between tenure and absenteeism. That is an increase in tenure and seniority tends to lead to better performance and an increase in tenure to lead to decrease in turnover. People are organization’s most valuable and expensive resource, but they are the most difficult element of an organization to manage. Individuals are almost infinitely different, they act differently in different circumstances and are, in many ways, entirely unpredictable. This means that, unlike machines, they are not interchangeable or able to be easily designed to do the jobs required of them. In terms of the organization, what we are interested in is the way in which people behave at work-that they perform effectively in pursuit of the organisation’s goals. The starting point for this is an understanding of what makes people behave in the way they do. Although psychologists do not agree on a single definition of personality, there is some consensus that it is concerned with characteristics patterns of behavior and modes of thinking that determine a person’s adjustment to the environment (Hilgard et al 1979:108). Two features of the above definition are noteworthy. In the first place, the word â€Å"characteristic† suggests a degree of performance in personality. In the second place, â€Å"environment† suggests that personality is displayed in a social and physical context. Beyond this consensus, there is a great deal disagreement over the development, structure and dynamics of personality. The correct interpretation and use of the results of personality measures and tests depends a great deal on the theory or approach on which the instruments are based. Without this knowledge, the description of personality may well be miused. Personality can therefore be referred to a dynamic concept describing the growth and development of a person’s whole psychological system. It looks at the whole person rather than at the sum of the individual parts. It is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his or her unique adjustments to his or her environment. An altogether different approach to personality concentrates on identifying and classifying those features that individuals may share. The different categories or types serve to emphasise the similarities within each group and the differences between the groups. These attempts to classify personality features are often referred to as the type or trait approach. There are a number of personality determinants, namely, Heredity, the Environment, or the Situation. Heredity is the process of transmitting biological traits from parent to offspring through genes, the basic units of heredity. Heredity also refers to the inherited characteristics of an individual, including traits such as height, eye color, and blood type. Heredity accounts for why offspring look like their parents: when two dogs mate, for example, they have puppies, not kittens. If the parents are both Chihuahuas, the puppies will also be Chihuahuas, not great Danes or Labrador retrievers. The puppies may be a little taller or shorter, a little lighter or a lot heavier than their parents are. Their faces may look a little different, or they may have different talents and temperaments. In all the important characteristics, however—the number of limbs, arrangement of organs, general size, fur type—they will share the traits of their parents. The principles of heredity hold true not only for a puppy but also for a virus, a roundworm, a pansy, or a human. Genetics is the study of how heredity works and, in particular, of genes. A gene is a section of a long deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule, and it carries information for the construction of a protein or part of a protein. Through the diversity of proteins they code for, genes influence or determine such traits as eye color, the ability of a bacterium to eat a certain sugar, or the number of peas in a pod. A virus has as few as a dozen genes. A simple roundworm has 5000 to 8000 genes, while a corn plant has 60,000. The construction of a human requires an estimated 50,000 genes. Personality characteristics are not completely dictated by heredity however, as otherwise they would remain the same throughout life despite the experiences we have. Environment is referred to all of the external factors affecting an organism. These factors may be other living organisms (biotic factors) or nonliving variables (abiotic factors), such as temperature, rainfall, day length, wind, and ocean currents. The interactions of organisms with biotic and abiotic factors form an ecosystem. Even minute changes in any one factor in an ecosystem can influence whether or not a particular plant or animal species will be successful in its environment. Organisms and their environment constantly interact, and both are changed by this interaction. Like all other living creatures, humans have clearly changed their environment, but they have done so generally on a grander scale than have all other species. Some of these human-induced changes—such as the destruction of the world’s tropical rain forests to create farms or grazing land for cattle—have led to altered climate patterns. In turn, altered climate patterns have changed the way animals and plants are distributed in different ecosystems. Scientists study the long-term consequences of human actions on the environment, while environmentalists—professionals in various fields, as well as concerned citizens—advocate ways to lessen the impact of human activity on the natural world. Situation is one of the determinants of personality which influences the effect of heredity and environment on personality. Personality, which is generally stable, often changes in different situations.  For example, we may behave very differently at a party with our friends as opposed to how we would do at a social gathering of work colleagues and our managers. 2. Attitude refers to an opinion or general feeling about something. Attitudes are, essentially feelings towards people or things. How people feel, what they believe, what they intend to do, and whether and how they do it may all be connected, and may all be related to the process of perception. To try to reduce the confusion in this area over the use of words and concepts such as â€Å"feelings† and â€Å"beliefs†, Fishbein (19670 put forward the following hierarchical model. Beliefs What we think about people, things, relationships etc â€Å"My work provides no challenge† Attitudes Affective responses to those people, things, relationships etc. â€Å"I see work only as a means to getting money† Intentions Congnitive states â€Å"I will look for my challenge in my leisure time† Behavior or Action Observable events â€Å"I take up mountaineering† Attitudes are learned. They derive from our personal reaction to information and events, which manifest themselves as beliefs and feelings about a particular subject. We learn many of our attitudes when we are very young. They are conditioned by those around us and the conditions or situations in which we find ourselves. Some-particularly feelings-are so strong that they stay with stay with us and affect us for the rest of our lives. The range of influences is complex, but it includes the following: * The groups to which we belong-most notably, in early life, the family, but also friendship groups, work groups * Education * Life experiences- particularly the most profound personal ones such as bereavement, etc. but also those experiences which we observe e. g on Tv, or read about. We are aware, too, that our attitudes change over time as a result of the influence of the above factors. For example, it is very often the case that young people have more liberal attitudes than older people, but as they enter work and acquire family and financial commitments and responsibilities they tend to become more â€Å"conservative†. One of the key elemen ts of management in organizations is how to modify or change people’s behaviour. This is central to such features as motivation, securing effective performance, introducing change, etc. whilst as noted above, attitudes do not necessarily condition behaviour, and they are a significant determinant. In organizations, managers use attitude survey to measure and thereby predict behaviour. Managers use information gathered in attitude surveys to guide them in decisions relative to employees. Attitude surveys elicit responses from employees through questionnaires about how they feel about their jobs, work- groups, supervisors and or the organization. Attitude surveys provide managers with valuable feedback on how workers perceive working conditions, and alert them to problems or employee intentions early so that action can be taken in time. Increasingly, attitudinal surveys are being used within organizations to find out about the potential reactions of staff to particular courses of action (for example, organizational change) or to form judgments about their suitability for particular posts (in a similar way to how personality tests are used). Operational methods for attitude surveys generally seek to measure fire components for each belief. Thus, attitudes to work could be measured as follows: * Strength of feeling about the job itself. The strength with which various attitudes are held about different aspects of the job which are listed, measured on perhaps a seven point scale, from â€Å"agree totally† through neutral to â€Å"disagree totally†. * Value of job to self. Evaluating various aspects of the job, again, but in relation to its meaning to the individual. * Social factors. Attitudes and behaviour do not depend on inner perceptions alone, but also upon surrounding social pressures-the person’s perceptions of what others think he/she should do. The social factors must be investigated in order to understand all the factors determining behaviour. * Overall attitude An overall assessment of the respondent’s attitudes to the contex of the job and to work itself, for example, the value and meaning it has in his/ her life. This is a useful measure as it allows more generalized attitudes to the job to be explored. * Intended behaviour Potential reactions to different scenarios about the job or its context. Although hypothetical, this prediction makes an interesting correlation with actual behaviour. Surveys must have a very clear specification of what they are seeking to measure. Just as with personality tests, there is the ever present danger that the way in which questions are phrased, or the underlying assumptions made, will influence the outcome. Job satisfaction and its opposite, job dissatisfaction, refer to the attitudes and feelings job holders have towards their work. Morale can be viewed as a state of mind dependent on the dependent on the degree of job satisfaction experienced by an individual or group. There is general agreement that job dissatisfaction can have harmful effects on both job holders and the organization. Research has associated job dissatisfaction with all the indicators of low morale-high labour turnover, skills wastage, absenteeism, high accident rates, poor timekeeping and a lack of commitment to quality. An individual with low job satisfaction may suffer frustration and stress. Although stress may arise from many quarters, it is the inability to deal with and manage stress that afflicts the individual who suffers job dissatisfaction. Job satisfaction is determined by a number of factors namely, mentally challenging work, equitable rewards, supportive working conditions, and supportive colleagues. Research has shown that employees prefer jobs that give them opportunities to use their abilities and skills. Characteristics such as freedom, feedback and a variety of tasks make work mentally challenging and allow employees to feel pleasure and satisfaction. On other hand, jobs that are not mentally challenging create boredom, frustration and feelings of failure. Employees want rewards (e. g. pay, promotions) that they perceive as just and in line with their expectations. Satisfaction will occur if pay is seen as based on job demands, skill and community standards. It is not the actual amount of pay that counts, but rather the perception of fairness. Individuals that also perceive promotional decisions as fair will be job satisfied. Employees are concerned with working conditions that are comfortable and that enable one to do an optimal job. Environmental factors such as temperature, light, noise should not be too extreme. Factors such as proximity to home, cleanliness, technology and adequate tools, help increase job satisfaction. As well as tangible achievements, employees also work for social interaction. Therefore having friendly and supportive co-workers and superiors also lead to increased job satisfaction. On many occasions managers’ interest in job satisfaction centers on its effect on employee performance. Therefore studies have been made to identify the relationships between satisfaction and performance. Organized studies in particular have focused on the effect of satisfaction on the dependent variables such as Productivity, Absenteeism and Turnover. There is no real proof that satisfaction leads to productivity. The saying â€Å"a happy worker is a productive worker† is wishful thinking. Often productivity leads to satisfaction and not the other way around. Productivity leads to increase in rewards, recognition, which in turn increases satisfaction. Satisfaction may lead to productivity on an organization level rather than on an individual level. Dissatisfied workers are more likely to be absent. This relationship can be affected however by sick leave benefits which might encourage workers to be absent. While satisfied employees are less likely to leave work. This can however be affected by, labour market conditions, expectations about alternative job offers and length of tenure. Level of satisfaction is less important in predicting turnover for superior employees as more effort is made to keep these individuals. Satisfaction-turnover relationship is also affected by the individuals disposition towards life. If two people are dissatisfied the positive one is more likely to leave.